1836 United States presidential election

1836 United States presidential election

November 3 – December 7, 1836
294 members of the Electoral College 148 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	56.5% 0.5 pp
Nominee Martin Van Buren William Henry Harrison Hugh L. White Party Democratic Whig Whig Alliance Anti-Masonic Home state New York Ohio Tennessee Running mate Richard M. Johnson Francis Granger John Tyler Electoral vote 170 73 26 States carried 15 7 2 Popular vote 764,176 550,816 146,109 Percentage 50.8% 36.6% 9.7%   Nominee Daniel Webster Willie P. Mangum Party Whig Whig Alliance Nullifier Home state Massachusetts North Carolina Running mate Francis Granger John Tyler Electoral vote 14 11 States carried 1 1 Popular vote 41,201 N/A Percentage 2.7% N/A
Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states won by Van Buren/Johnson, Yellow denotes those won by Harrison/Granger, Maroon denotes those won by White/Tyler, Pink denotes those won by Webster/Granger, and Green denotes those won by Mangum/Tyler. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election Andrew Jackson Democratic Elected President Martin Van Buren Democratic
1837 contingent U.S. vice presidential election
February 8, 1837
52 United States senators 27 votes needed to win
Candidate Richard M. Johnson Francis Granger Party Democratic Whig Senate vote 33 16 Percentage 63.46% 30.77%
Senate by state. Blue denotes states that voted for Johnson, Yellow denotes those that voted for Granger, Green denotes those that did not vote. State with multiple colors had Senators that voted differently from each other.

The 1836 United States presidential election was the 13th quadrennial presidential election, held from Thursday, November 3 to Wednesday, December 7, 1836. In the third consecutive election victory for the Democratic Party, incumbent Vice President Martin Van Buren defeated four candidates fielded by the nascent Whig Party.

The 1835 Democratic National Convention chose a ticket of Van Buren (President Andrew Jackson's handpicked successor) and U.S. Representative Richard Mentor Johnson of Kentucky. The Whig Party, which had only recently emerged and was primarily united by opposition to Jackson, was not yet sufficiently organized to agree on a single candidate. Hoping to compel a contingent election in the House of Representatives by denying the Democrats an electoral majority, the Whigs ran multiple candidates. Most Northern and border state Whigs supported the ticket led by former Senator William Henry Harrison of Ohio, while most Southern Whigs supported the ticket led by Senator Hugh Lawson White of Tennessee. Two other Whigs, Daniel Webster and Willie Person Mangum, carried Massachusetts and South Carolina respectively on single-state tickets.

Despite facing multiple candidates, Van Buren won a majority of the electoral vote, and he won a majority of the popular vote in both the North and the South. Nonetheless, the Whig strategy came very close to success, as Van Buren won the decisive state of Pennsylvania by just over two points. As Virginia's electors voted for Van Buren but refused to vote for Johnson, Johnson fell one vote short of an electoral majority, compelling a contingent election for vice president. In that contingent election, the United States Senate elected Johnson over Harrison's running mate, Francis Granger.

Van Buren was the third incumbent vice president to win election as president, an event which would not happen again until 1988, when George H. W. Bush was elected president. He is also the most recent Democrat to be elected to succeed a two-term Democratic president, and the only sitting Democratic vice president to win the presidency. Harrison finished second in both the popular and electoral vote, and his strong performance helped him win the Whig nomination in the 1840 presidential election. The election of 1836 was crucial in developing the Second Party System and a stable two-party system more generally. By the end of the election, nearly every independent faction had been absorbed by either the Democrats or the Whigs.

Nominations

Democratic Party nomination

Main article: 1835 Democratic National Convention

1836 Democratic Party ticket
Martin Van Buren	Richard M. Johnson
for President	for Vice President
8th Vice President of the United States (1833–1837)	U.S. Representative from Kentucky

Andrew Jackson, whose second term as president expired on March 4, 1837

The 1835 Democratic National Convention was held in Baltimore, Maryland, from May 20 to 22, 1835. The early date of the convention was selected by President Andrew Jackson to prevent the formation of opposition to Martin Van Buren. Twenty-two states and two territories were represented at the convention with Alabama, Illinois, and South Carolina being unrepresented. The delegate amount per state varied from Maryland having 188 delegates to cast its ten votes while Tennessee's fifteen votes were cast by one delegate.

The convention saw the first credentials dispute in American history with two rival delegations from Pennsylvania claiming the state's votes. The issue was solved by seating both delegations and having them share the state's votes. An attempt to remove the two-thirds requirement for the selection of a candidate was passed by a vote of 231 to 210, but was later restored through a voice vote.

Some Southerners opposed Johnson's nomination, due to his open relationship with an enslaved woman, whom he had regarded as his common-law wife. At the convention, Van Buren was nominated unanimously with all 265 delegates in favor, but the Virginia delegates supported Senator William Cabell Rives against Johnson. However, Rives got little support and Johnson was nominated with one more vote than the two-thirds requirement.

Convention vote

Presidential vote		Vice presidential vote
Martin Van Buren	265	Richard M. Johnson	178
		William C. Rives	87

Whig Party nomination

Whig presidential candidates
	William Henry Harrison Former U.S. Senator from Ohio
	Daniel Webster U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
	Hugh L. White U.S. Senator from Tennessee
	Willie Person Mangum U.S. Senator from North Carolina
Whig vice-presidential candidates
	Francis Granger U.S. Representative from New York
	John Tyler U.S. Senator from Virginia

The Whig Party emerged during the 1834 mid-term elections as the chief opposition to the Democratic Party. The party was formed from members of the National Republican Party, the Anti-Masonic Party, disaffected Jacksonians, and small remnants of the Federalist Party (people whose last political activity was with them a decade before). Some Southerners who were angered by Jackson's opposition to states' rights, including Sen. John C. Calhoun and the Nullifiers, also temporarily joined the Whig coalition.

Unlike the Democrats, the Whigs did not hold a national convention. Instead, state legislatures and state conventions nominated candidates, being the reason why so many candidates from the Whig party ran in the general election. Southern Nullifiers placed Tennessee Senator Hugh Lawson White into contention for the presidency in 1834 soon after his break with Jackson. White was a moderate on the states' rights issue, which made him acceptable in the South, but not in the North. The state legislatures of Alabama and Tennessee officially nominated White. The South Carolina state legislature nominated Senator Willie Person Mangum of North Carolina. By early 1835, Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster was building support among Northern Whigs. Both Webster and White used Senate debates to establish their positions on the issues of the day, as newspapers carried the text of their speeches nationwide. The Pennsylvania legislature nominated popular former general William Henry Harrison, who had led American forces at the Battle of Tippecanoe. The Whigs hoped that Harrison's reputation as a military hero could win voter support. Harrison soon displaced Webster as the preferred candidate of Northern Whigs. State legislatures, particularly in larger states, also nominated various vice presidential candidates.

Despite multiple candidates, there was only one Whig ticket in each state. The Whigs ended up with two main tickets: William Henry Harrison for president and Francis Granger for vice president in the North and Kentucky, and Hugh Lawson White for president and John Tyler for vice president in the middle and lower South. In Massachusetts, the ticket was Daniel Webster for president and Granger for vice president. In South Carolina, the ticket was Mangum for president and Tyler for vice president. In Maryland, it was Harrison and Tyler. Of the four Whig presidential candidates, only Harrison was on the ballot in enough states for it to be mathematically possible for him to win a majority in the Electoral College, and even then, it would have required him to win Van Buren's home state of New York.

Anti-Masonic Party nomination

After the negative views of Freemasonry among a large segment of the public began to wane in the mid-1830s, the Anti-Masonic Party began to disintegrate. Some of its members began moving to the Whig Party, which had a broader issue base than the Anti-Masons. The Whigs were also regarded as a better alternative to the Democrats.

A state convention for the Anti-Masonic Party was held in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, from December 14 to 17, 1835, to choose presidential electors for the 1836 election. The convention unanimously nominated William Henry Harrison for president and Francis Granger for vice president. The Vermont state Anti-Masonic convention followed suit on February 24, 1836. Anti-Masonic leaders were unable to obtain assurance from Harrison that he was not a Mason, so they called a national convention. The second national Anti-Masonic nominating convention was held in Philadelphia on May 4, 1836. The meeting was divisive, but a majority of the delegates officially stated that the party was not sponsoring a national ticket for the presidential election of 1836 and proposed a meeting in 1837 to discuss the future of the party.

Nullifier Party nomination

The Nullifier Party had also begun to decline sharply since the previous election, after it became clear that the doctrine of nullification lacked sufficient support outside of the party's political base of South Carolina to ever make the Nullifiers more than a fringe party nationwide. Many party members began to drift towards the Democratic Party, but there was no question of the party endorsing Van Buren's bid for the presidency, as he and Calhoun were sworn enemies. Seeing little point in running their own ticket, Calhoun pushed the party into backing the White/Tyler ticket, as White had previously sided against Jackson during the Nullification Crisis.

General election

Campaign

Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage of the winning candidate in each county. Shades of blue are for Van Buren (Democratic), shades of orange are for Harrison (Whig), shades of green are for White (Whig), and shades of red are for Webster (Whig).

In the aftermath of the Nat Turner's Rebellion and other events, slavery emerged as an increasingly prominent political issue. Calhoun attacked Van Buren, saying that he could not be trusted to protect Southern interests and accusing the sitting Vice President of affiliating with abolitionists. Van Buren defeated Harrison by a margin of 51.4% to 48.6% in the North, and he defeated White by a similar margin of 50.7% to 49.3% in the South.

Disputes

A dispute similar to that of Indiana in 1817 and Missouri in 1821 arose during the counting of the electoral votes. Michigan only became a state on January 26, 1837, and had cast its electoral votes for president before that date. Anticipating a challenge to the results, Congress resolved on February 4, 1837, that during the counting four days later the final tally would be read twice, once with Michigan and once without Michigan. The counting proceeded in accordance with the resolution. The dispute had no bearing on the final result: either way, Van Buren was elected, and either way no candidate had a majority for vice-president.

Results

22.4% of the voting age population and 56.5% of eligible voters participated in the election.

The Whigs' strategy narrowly failed to prevent Van Buren's victory in the Electoral College, though he earned a somewhat lower share of the popular vote and fewer electoral votes than Andrew Jackson had in either of the previous two elections. The key state in this election was ultimately Pennsylvania, which Van Buren won from Harrison with a narrow majority of just 4,222 votes or 2.4%. Had Harrison won the state, Van Buren would have been left eight votes short of an Electoral College majority - despite receiving a majority (50.48%) in the popular vote - and the Whig goal to force the election into the House of Representatives (per the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution) would have succeeded. Thus, the 11.8% difference between the margin in the tipping point state of Pennsylvania and the margin in the national popular vote, is the largest gap in American history.

In a contingent election, the House would have been required to choose between Van Buren, Harrison, and White as the three candidates with the most electoral votes. Jacksonians controlled enough state delegations (14 out of 26) and enough Senate seats (31 out of 52) to win both the presidency and the vice presidency in a contingent election.

This was the last election in which the Democrats won Connecticut, Rhode Island, and North Carolina until 1852. This was also the only election where South Carolina voted for the Whigs, and the last time it voted against the Democrats until 1868. It was also the last time that a Democrat was elected to the U.S. presidency succeeding a Democrat who had served two terms as U.S. president.

Presidential candidate	Party	Home state	Popular vote(a)		Electoral vote
			Count	Percentage
Martin Van Buren	Democratic	New York	764,176	50.83%	170
William Henry Harrison	Whig	Ohio	550,816	36.63%	73
Hugh Lawson White	Whig	Tennessee	146,107	9.72%	26
Daniel Webster	Whig	Massachusetts	41,201	2.74%	14
Willie Person Mangum	Whig	North Carolina	—(b)	—	11
Other			1,234	0.08%	0
Total			1,503,534	100.0%	294
Needed to win					148

Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. "1836 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved July 27, 2005. Source (Electoral Vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 31, 2005.

^(a) The popular vote figures exclude South Carolina where the electors were chosen by the state legislature rather than by popular vote.
^(b) Mangum received his electoral votes from South Carolina where the electors were chosen by the state legislatures rather than by popular vote.

Popular vote Van Buren   50.83% Harrison   36.63% White   9.72% Webster   2.74% Others   0.08%

Electoral vote Van Buren   57.82% Harrison   24.83% White   8.84% Webster   4.76% Mangum   3.74%

Vice presidential candidate	Party	State	Electoral vote
Richard M. Johnson	Democratic	Kentucky	147
Francis Granger	Whig	New York	77
John Tyler	Whig	Virginia	47
William Smith	Democratic	South Carolina	23
Total			294
Needed to win			148

Source: "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 31, 2005.

Geography of results

Cartographic gallery

• 
  Map of presidential election results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote
• 
  Map of Democratic presidential election results by county
• 
  Map of Harrison Whig presidential election results by county
• 
  Map of White Whig presidential election results by county
• 
  Map of Webster Whig presidential election results by county

Results by state

Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836-1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.

States/districts won by Van Buren/Johnson

States/districts won by a Whig candidate

		Martin Van Buren Democratic			William H. Harrison Whig			Hugh L. White Whig			Daniel Webster Whig			Willie Person Mangum Whig	Margin		Total
State	electoral votes	Votes cast	%	electoral votes	Votes cast	%	electoral votes	Votes cast	%	electoral votes	Votes cast	%	electoral votes	electoral votes	#	%	#
Alabama	7	20,638	55.34	7	no ballots			16,658	44.66	0	no ballots			no ballots	3,980	10.68	37,296	AL
Arkansas	3	2,380	64.08	3	no ballots			1,334	35.92	0	no ballots			no ballots	1,046	28.16	3,714	AR
Connecticut	8	19,294	50.65	8	18,799	49.35	0	no ballots			no ballots			no ballots	495	1.30	38,093	CT
Delaware	3	4,154	46.70	0	4,736	53.24	3	no ballots			no ballots			no ballots	-582	-6.54	8,895	DE
Georgia	11	22,778	48.20	0	no ballots			24,481	51.80	11	no ballots			no ballots	-1,703	-3.60	47,259	GA
Illinois	5	18,369	54.69	5	15,220	45.31	0	no ballots			no ballots			no ballots	3,149	9.38	33,589	IL
Indiana	9	32,478	44.03	0	41,281	55.97	9	no ballots			no ballots			no ballots	-8,803	-11.94	73,759	IN
Kentucky	15	33,229	47.41	0	36,861	52.59	15	no ballots			no ballots			no ballots	-3,632	-5.18	70,090	KY
Louisiana	5	3,842	51.74	5	no ballots			3,583	48.26	0	no ballots			no ballots	259	3.48	7,425	LA
Maine	10	22,825	58.92	10	14,803	38.21	0	no ballots			no ballots			no ballots	8,022	20.71	38,740	ME
Maryland	10	22,267	46.27	0	25,852	53.73	10	no ballots			no ballots			no ballots	-3,585	-7.46	48,119	MD
Massachusetts	14	33,486	44.81	0	no ballots			no ballots			41,201	55.13	14	no ballots	-7,715	-10.32	74,687	MA
Michigan	3	7,122	56.22	3	5,545	43.78	0	no ballots			no ballots			no ballots	1,577	12.44	12,667	MI
Mississippi	4	10,297	51.28	4	no ballots			9,782	48.72	0	no ballots			no ballots	515	2.56	20,079	MS
Missouri	4	10,995	59.98	4	no ballots			7,337	40.02	0	no ballots			no ballots	3,658	19.96	18,332	MO
New Hampshire	7	18,697	75.01	7	6,228	24.99	0	no ballots			no ballots			no ballots	12,469	50.02	24,925	NH
New Jersey	8	25,592	49.47	0	26,137	50.53	8	no ballots			no ballots			no ballots	-545	-1.06	51,729	NJ
New York	42	166,795	54.63	42	138,548	45.37	0	no ballots			no ballots			no ballots	28,247	9.26	305,343	NY
North Carolina	15	26,631	53.10	15	no ballots			23,521	46.90	0	no ballots			no ballots	3,110	6.20	50,153	NC
Ohio	21	96,238	47.56	0	104,958	51.87	21	no ballots			no ballots			no ballots	-8,720	-4.31	202,333	OH
Pennsylvania	30	91,457	51.18	30	87,235	48.82	0	no ballots			no ballots			no ballots	4,222	2.36	178,692	PA
Rhode Island	4	2,964	52.24	4	2,710	47.76	0	no ballots			no ballots			no ballots	254	4.48	5,674	RI
South Carolina	11	no popular vote			no popular vote			no popular vote			no popular vote			11	-	-	0	SC
Tennessee	15	26,170	42.08	0	no ballots			36,027	57.92	15	no ballots			no ballots	-9,857	-15.84	62,197	TN
Vermont	7	14,037	40.07	0	20,994	59.93	7	no ballots			no ballots			no ballots	-6,957	-19.86	35,031	VT
Virginia	23	30,556	56.64	23	no ballots			23,384	43.35	0	no ballots			no ballots	7,172	13.29	53,945	VA
TOTALS:	294	763,291	50.79	170	549,907	36.59	73	146,107	9.72	26	41,201	2.74	14	11	213,384	14.20	1,502,811	US
TO WIN:	148

States that flipped from National Republican to Whig

• Delaware
• Kentucky
• Maryland
• Massachusetts

States that flipped from National Republican to Democratic

• Connecticut
• Rhode Island

States that flipped from Anti-Masonic to Whig

• Vermont

States that flipped from Democratic to Whig

• Georgia
• Indiana
• New Jersey
• Ohio
• Tennessee

States that flipped from Nullifer to Whig

• South Carolina

Close states

States where the margin of victory was under 5%:

1. New Jersey 1.06% (545 votes)
2. Connecticut 1.3% (495 votes)
3. Pennsylvania 2.36% (4,222 votes) (tipping point state for a Van Buren victory)
4. Mississippi 2.56% (515 votes)
5. Louisiana 3.48% (259 votes)
6. Georgia 3.6% (1,703 votes)
7. Ohio 4.31% (8,720 votes)
8. Rhode Island 4.48% (254 votes)

States where the margin of victory was under 10%:

1. Kentucky 5.18% (3,632 votes)
2. North Carolina 6.2% (3,110 votes)
3. Delaware 6.54% (582 votes)
4. Maryland 7.46% (3,585 votes)
5. New York 9.26% (28,247 votes) (tipping point state for a Harrison victory)
6. Illinois 9.38% (3,149 votes)

Breakdown by ticket

Candidate	Total	Martin Van Buren Democratic	William H. Harrison Whig	Hugh L. White Whig	Daniel Webster Whig	Willie P. Mangum Whig
Electoral Votes for President	294	170	73	26	14	11
For Vice President, Richard Mentor Johnson	147	147
For Vice President, Francis Granger	77		63		14
For Vice President, John Tyler	47		10	26		11
For Vice President, William Smith	23	23

1837 Contingent election for Vice-President

In an unusual turn of events, Virginia's 23 electors, who were all pledged to Van Buren and his running mate Richard Mentor Johnson, became faithless electors due to dissension related to Johnson's interracial relationship with a slave and refused to vote for Johnson, instead casting their vice-presidential votes for former South Carolina senator William Smith.

This left Johnson one electoral vote short of an Electoral College majority. Since no vice presidential candidate received a majority of electoral votes, for the only time in American history, the Senate decided a vice presidential race in a contingent election.

On February 8, 1837, Johnson was elected on the first ballot by a vote of 33 to 16; the vote proceeded largely along party lines, albeit with three Whigs voting for Johnson, one Democrat voting for Granger, and three abstentions (Hugh L. White declined to vote out of respect for his own running-mate, John Tyler, while the two Nullifier Party senators refused to back either candidate).

1837 Contingent United States vice presidential election

February 8, 1837
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard M. Johnson	33	63.46%
	Whig	Francis Granger	16	30.77%
	—	Not voting	3	5.77%
Total membership			52	100
Votes necessary			27	>50
Members voting for: Johnson Granger ■ Thomas H. Benton of Missouri ■ John Black of Mississippi ■ Bedford Brown of North Carolina ■ James Buchanan of Pennsylvania ■ Alfred Cuthbert of Georgia ■ Judah Dana of Maine ■ William Lee D. Ewing of Illinois ■ William S. Fulton of Arkansas ■ Felix Grundy of Tennessee ■ William Hendricks of Indiana ■ Henry Hubbard of New Hampshire ■ William R. King of Alabama ■ John P. King of Georgia ■ Lewis F. Linn of Missouri ■ Lucius Lyon of Michigan ■ Samuel McKean of Pennsylvania ■ Gabriel Moore of Alabama ■ Thomas Morris of Ohio ■ Alexandre Mouton of Louisiana ■ Robert C. Nicholas of Louisiana ■ John M. Niles of Connecticut ■ John Norvell of Michigan ■ John Page of New Hampshire ■ Richard E. Parker of Virginia ■ William C. Rives of Virginia ■ John M. Robinson of Illinois ■ John Ruggles of Maine ■ Ambrose H. Sevier of Arkansas ■ Robert Strange of North Carolina ■ Nathaniel P. Tallmadge of New York ■ John Tipton of Indiana ■ Robert J. Walker of Mississippi ■ Silas Wright of New York ■ Richard H. Bayard of Delaware ■ Henry Clay of Kentucky ■ Thomas Clayton of Delaware ■ John J. Crittenden of Kentucky ■ John Davis of Massachusetts ■ Thomas Ewing of Ohio ■ Joseph Kent of Maryland ■ Nehemiah R. Knight of Rhode Island ■ Samuel Prentiss of Vermont ■ Asher Robbins of Rhode Island ■ Samuel L. Southard of New Jersey ■ John Selby Spence of Maryland ■ Benjamin Swift of Vermont ■ Gideon Tomlinson of Connecticut ■ Garret D. Wall of New Jersey ■ Daniel Webster of Massachusetts Members not voting: ■ John C. Calhoun of South Carolina ■ William C. Preston of South Carolina ■ Hugh L. White of Tennessee Sources:

Electoral college selection

Method of choosing electors	State(s)
Each Elector appointed by state legislature	South Carolina
Each Elector chosen by voters statewide	(all other States)

See also

• Inauguration of Martin Van Buren
• History of the United States (1789–1849)
• 1836–37 United States House of Representatives elections
• 1836–37 United States Senate elections

Works cited

• Abramson, Paul; Aldrich, John; Rohde, David (1995). Change and Continuity in the 1992 Elections. CQ Press. ISBN 0871878399.

Further reading

Further information: Martin Van Buren § Further reading, and Bibliography of Martin Van Buren

• Brown, Thomas. "The miscegenation of Richard Mentor Johnson as an issue in the national election campaign of 1835-1836." Civil War History 39.1 (1993): 5–30. online
• Cheathem, Mark. R. The Coming of Democracy: Presidential Campaigning in the Age of Jackson (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018)
• Ershkowitz, Herbert B. "The Election of 1836." in American Presidential Campaigns and Elections (Routledge, 2020) pp. 270–288.
• Hoffmann, William S. "The Election of 1836 in North Carolina." North Carolina Historical Review 32.1 (1955): 31–51. online
• McCormick, Richard P. "Was There a" Whig Strategy" in 1836?." Journal of the Early Republic 4.1 (1984): 47–70. online
• Shade, William G. "'The Most Delicate and Exciting Topics': Martin Van Buren, Slavery, and the Election of 1836." Journal of the Early Republic 18.3 (1998): 459–484 online.
• Silbey, Joel H. "Election of 1836," in Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. and Fred L. Israel, eds. History of American Presidential Elections (4 vols., 1971), I, 577–64, history plus primary sources
• Towers, Frank. "The Rise of the Whig Party." in A Companion to the Era of Andrew Jackson (2013): 328–347.

External links

• "A Historical Analysis of the Electoral College". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 20, 2005.
• Presidential Election of 1836: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress
• Election of 1836 in Counting the Votes Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine